In 2018, the GLA consisted of 3 Dutch alliance members and 60 Civil Society Organisations, including 38 first tier partners and 23 second tier partners. The partners range from community based organisations, national CSOs to international network organisations. GLA alliance members and CSO partners play different roles in the programme. Sometimes they follow the GLA model of complementarity between a campaign organisation (the activist), a research organisation (or knowledge broker) and an organization more experienced in dialogue and collaboration (the convenor), while in other countries this distinction is less relevant. Because working in coalitions is often more effective to achieve our goals, the GLA partners also collaborate with an additional 49 CSOs and Community Based organisations (without a direct financial relationship). This entails working towards a common goal with these organisations through for instance a Memorandum of Understanding and in coalitions and networks.

In 2019, the GLA consisted of 3 Dutch alliance members and 67 Civil Society Organisations, including 39 first tier partners and 27 second tier partners. The partners range from community based organisations, national CSOs to international network organisations. GLA alliance members and CSO partners play different roles in the programme. Sometimes they follow the GLA model of complementarity between a campaign organisation (the activist), a research organisation (or knowledge broker) and an organization more experienced in dialogue and collaboration (the convenor), while in other countries this distinction is less relevant. Because working in coalitions is often more effective to achieve our goals, the GLA partners also collaborate with an additional 69 CSOs and Community Based organisations (without a direct financial relationship). This entails working towards a common goal with these organisations through for instance a Memorandum of Understanding and in coalitions and networks.

Laws and policies stand or fall by the extent to which they are implemented, enforced and complied with. In 2018, a total of 99 harvested outcomes show improved implementation of laws, policies and practices of public, private and civil actors that significantly contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. 49 of the harvested outcomes under DD1 show governments and businesses implemented laws, policies and standards, or improved implementation of existing laws, policies and standards. Firstly, 11 outcomes show that the GLA has been successful in protecting forests and halting illegal forest conversion in various landscapes. For instance, in Bolivia, the National Forest Controlling Authority intervened when clear-cutting plans were irregularly approved in community owned forests. Just like National Forest Officials in Uganda confirmed that the encroachment on a forest area was illegal. The Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry conducted field monitoring, to collect evidence on illegal plantations by an oil palm company in peatlands and protected areas. The outcomes have in common that the GLA monitored and investigated the situation, presented its findings to the authorities, who in turn, intervened or investigated further. Capacity building also played a role, such as in the DRC where officials were trained in the application of laws and legal instruments relating to environmental crimes. Secondly, the GLA has contributed to improved implementation of policies that benefit local communities to apply sustainable practices 12 times. For instance, in Vietnam, regional authorities facilitated local people to plant cash crops on the degraded land to improve their livelihoods. In the Philippines, local and regional authorities granted funds to several communities, for instance for a Rural Improvement Club, for promotion of trade in products developed by indigenous peoples in the Southern Sierra Madre and to community-based NTFP enterprises. Finally, the GLA alliance achieved 11 results in the implementation of laws or company practices concerning (the violation of) land rights. For instance when, as a result of a court case and a mediation process led by the GLA partner, a palm oil company and the regional authorities in Uganda, started the process of securing land titles for 8 farmers, to ensure tenure security and reduced conflict. In Indonesia, GLA partners supported communities to apply for land tenure permits through the social forestry scheme. In 2018, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry approved social forestry permits for 11 villages, for a total of 14,266 ha, providing them with land-use rights and opportunities for improved livelihoods. At international level, the RSPO Complaints Panel recognized complaints from 5 Liberian communities against a palm oil company, ordering it to stop work on disputed lands and address FPIC, human rights, and environmental issues. 50 of the harvested outcomes under DD1 show civil actors taking concrete actions that significantly contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. To ensure government officials actually enforce policies for the protection of forests and rights, evidence on violations of land rights, illegal logging and mining is vital. For this purpose, the GLA has capacitated local forest monitors and guards in a.o. Bolivia, Ghana, Indonesia, Liberia, Cameroon, Philippines and Vietnam. This resulted in local communities becoming active in monitoring their forests. For instance in Bolivia, 18 communities have been capacitated to act as community guards of the Tucabaca Reserve. These communities play an important role in monitoring illegal encroachment of the reserve, thus protecting water sources and maintaining its attraction of eco-tourism. 2018 also saw an increase in the usage of monitoring data by civil society, in campaigns and direct complaints to companies. In addition, 11 outcomes concerned communities who contribute to more sustainable use of their forests. Communities ended illegal logging practices and hunting for bushmeat, started restoring degraded areas, and applied more sustainable agro-forestry practices to halt industrial plantations while at the same time contributing to local livelihoods. Often, these outcomes were achieved through awareness raising, field visits and exchanges, as well as research into viable sustainable alternatives.

Implementation or enforcement of laws, policies and goals, is a vital step to ensure that our work in fact leads to more inclu­sive and sustainable forested landscape governance in the landscapes. In 2019, the GLA harvested a total of 176 outcomes that represent improved implementation of laws, policies and practices of public, private and civil actors that significantly contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. 83 of the harvested outcomes under DD1 show governments and businesses implemented laws, policies and standards, or improved implementation of existing laws, policies and standards. About 2/3rd of the outcomes concern public actors enforcing or implementing policies and laws. At national level, the JET programme was successful in influencing governments to implement (improved) renewable energy policies (5 outcomes). In Nigeria for instance, the federal government included 2 billion naira in the annual budget for solar energy in rural elec­trification projects, and commissioned the largest off-grid solar power plant in Africa. The government of Uganda added 30 megawatt of solar energy to the national grid and invested in electric vehicles to promote environmental conservation. A large number of outcomes concerned local authorities (36) improving the implementation of their policies in 2019. In the Philippines for instance, police officers apprehended illegal loggers as a result of trained community members reporting the case to the authorities. A complaint was filed against the perpetrators. In the DRC, Judicial Police Officers of the Virunga National Park, efficiently investigated cases of wildlife and forest crimes, based on increased quality of evidence, as a result of a GLA training workshops for judicial staff. In Viet Nam, the Chu Yang Sin National Park has set up restoration models in post slash-and-burn fields and coffee plantations in Hoa Le and Khue Ngoc Dien communes. Thus, the national park imple­mented their policies to actively restore degraded land, 41 hectares in total benefiting 22 households. The remaining 1/3rd of outcomes in this category concerned private actors improving their behaviour. The results vary between outcomes from the international to the local level. For instance the Dow Jones Sustainability index removed a con­tested palm oil company from its list with sustainable companies, as a result of research by Friends of the Earth groups which was shared with the company’s investors. At the local level in Viet Nam, a forestry company established long rotation acacia plantations, based on collaboration with local farmers to improve their income as well as the ecosystem. 93 of the harvested outcomes under DD1 show civil actors taking concrete actions that significantly contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. 72 of these outcome concern empowered communities who have proac­tively taken actions to safeguard their forests, apply sustainable practices or demand justice or proper compensations from public and private actors. Notable outcomes include for instance community representatives in Atewa, Ghana who sued a mining company for disposure of mining waste into the river. This showed improved strength of the community to compel private actors to adhere to existing mining standards, as a result of awareness raising by a GLA partner on the impacts of negligence in mining and responsible mining practices and regulations. A favourable judgement will encourage other com­munities to seek redress in case of negligence in extraction of forest and its related resources. In Indonesia, 5 Village Forest Management Groups signed a joint forest management agreement, and subse-quently sur­veyed their forests, generating valuable data on the forest’s animals, plants, non-timber forest products and environmental services, which is essential for the preparation of a sustainable village forest man-agement plan. The GLA partner discussed the importance of protecting the forest and the importance of data on forest services to the community at each meeting of the VFMG. The partner conducted participatory forest eco-system monitoring training using GPS.

Implementation or enforcement of laws, policies and goals, is a vital step to ensure that our work in fact leads to more inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance in the landscapes. In 2020, the GLA harvested a total of 117 outcomes that represent improved implementation of laws, policies and practices of public, private and civil actors that significantly contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. Public actors taking action A significant part of the 117 outcomes under DD1 concerns public actors enforcing or implementing policies and laws. Most of these outcomes were at the national level, as legislation at international level is often not yet in the implementation phase. For instance, in Vietnam, the ministry in charge of forests dismantled a major Vietnamese network of illegal loggers leading to the sanctioning of those concerned. Also in Ghana, monitoring activities by the Community Resource Management Committee (CRMC) led to the removal about sixty illegal miners who had rented accommodation in Potroase in March 2020 (see chapter 2.1 of the final narrative report). Private actors acting Several outcomes in this category concerned private actors improving their behaviour. Some outcomes indicate increased action of companies to engage, or to compensate communities. For instance: In Ghana, local farmers in Borkorkrom community received compensation payment from a timber company following FoE-Ghana’s campaign and publication of the company’s infringement on community rights. Civil actors acting Outcomes under DD1 also show civil actors taking concrete steps that significantly contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. Several of these outcomes concern empowered communities who have proactively taken actions to safeguard their forests, apply sustainable practices or demand justice or proper compensations from public and private actors. Communities took actions to safeguard their forests: For instance, LPHD in Indonesia is regularly patrolling in the KEE corridor. Regular patrol in village forests will protect the village forest from illegal logging and fires. It also helps to restore the degraded forest through restoration activities. In Cameroon, a permanent network of local forest monitors was created in 2020, which is active in documenting evidence of illegal logging. By the end of 2020, around 154 local forest monitors have been trained and equipped with the Timby application, and delivered over 600 reports of environmental and social harms to 6 Friends of the Earth groups that have undertaken over 200 advocacy actions in response. Communities have also turned to alternative, more sustainable practices of using their land: For instance in Vietnam, local farmers in the Hoa Phong, Hoa Son and Khue Ngoc Dien commune of Krong Bong district set up agroforestry farms of coffee and oranges. Farmer groups of oil palm in two villages in Indonesia started to earn additional income from processing alternative products such as pineapple jam and dodol, decreasing their dependency on palm oil. In Ghana, farmers in the Juaboso Bia landscape have increased tree cover on their farms to enhance climate smart and sustainable cocoa production. Outcomes under DD1 show that communities increasingly resist new extraction developments. In Ghana, Chiefs and Assembly members in Bia West District have vowed to resist any attempts of illegal gold mining within their jurisdiction. This outcome shows locals willingness and capability to defend their rights against illegal and unsustainable extraction of natural resources. It also demonstrates their ability to self-mobilise to protect activities that threaten their livelihood activities.

In 2018, the GLA has harvested a total of 93 outcomes that demonstrate that public, private and civil actors changed laws, policies and norms/attitudes towards more inclusive and sustainable forested landscapes. Out of these outcomes, 60 outcomes show that public and private actors adopted laws and/or policies that contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. At local or regional level, public actors adopted 21 policies or regulations for more sustainable practices. For example in the Philippines, where the City Development Council of Cagayan de Oro approved restoration through the CDO River Basin project and the local council in Cagayan de Oro allocated an area for a restoration project. 28 outcomes show policy change at national level. For example, the President of Liberia signed The Land Rights Act in September 2018, a Land Law that legalizes customary communities’ ownership of their lands. In January 2018, the Committee on Indigenous Cultural Communities and Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines approved the Indigenous Peoples Conserved Territories and Areas Bill, which contributes to the recognition of the contributions of indigenous people in natural resources governance. In Decree 156 guiding Viet Nam’s Forestry law, the Government of Viet Nam accepted forest as vital for sustaining and developing ethnic minority groups’ livelihood, communities as co-managers of forests, as well as improved transparency in policy making and implementation, contributing to access to forestland for local communities. Partners employed diverse strategies to reach these results: they participated in technical working groups, lobbied with authorities and mobilized and involved communities to ensure their interests were taken into account. Public support and mobilization of local constituents is important in long-term lobby and advocacy processes, because even after adoption of a law or policy, there is often a need to continue to push for its implementation. At international level, GLA partners contributed to 11 outcomes. The European Parliament voted to ban the use of palm oil to be counted towards the fulfilment of the EU renewable energy goals, which should lead to considerably lower imports of palm oil in the future. The Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a new decision on Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), that allow for community based land and forest management areas to be recognized on top of ‘official’ protected areas. The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) has included the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGT) as a reference for a requirement on tenure, which will strengthen community tenure rights in relation to forestry activities. Outcomes at international level were often achieved through a close cooperation between alliance members and national CSO groups. GLA partners participated in international working groups. Southern and Northern CSOs jointly lobbied at international institutions, demonstrated local struggles and provided feedback in consultation phases. Moving companies towards adopting sustainable practices remains difficult and takes time. However in 5 cases, private actors have adopted favourable policies. For example, in November 2018 the parent company of Sudcam (a Rubber plantation company) announced to hand back 13.000 hectares dense forest from its concession in Cameroon. Later in the year, they announced to stop all clearing of forest in their concession until the sustainability commission made sufficient progress. Already since 2015, the GLA partner and citizens lobbied and engaged in dialogue to find a solutions for the effects of Sudcam on communities and forests. An example of collaboration with a private actor comes from Indonesia, where oil palm company PT BGA initiated to replicate the successful facilitation of alternative livelihoods (fishery, mushroom cultivation, etc.) by a GLA CSO in Laman Satong village in other villages, to increase the community’s income and reduce their dependency on the forest. In 33 outcomes, civil actors agreed on actions or adopted plans that contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. An example of civil society strengthening was harvested in the DRC. Congolese environmental civil society organizations developed an advocacy plan for forest sector reforms. This advocacy plan aims to improve the involvement of CSOs in the sustainable management of forest resources, strengthen the network of environmental CSOs and improve the forest policy in the DRC. In the Atewa forest in Ghana, Community Resource Management Committees developed 10 action plans to manage natural resources and address community specific environmental challenges in Atewa.

In 2019, the GLA has harvested a total of 107 outcomes that demonstrate that public, private and civil actors changed laws, policies and norms/attitudes towards more inclusive and sustainable forested landscapes. Out of these outcomes, 93 outcomes show that public and private actors adopted laws and/or policies that con-tribute to inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. The 65 outcomes on governments adopting policies range from the local to the international level. At the local level, 2 authorities in Viet Nam adopted knowledge and lessons learnt from GLA exchange visit on community forest management (CFM) into improved village forest management regulations in line with the provisions of Vietnam’s most recent Forestry Law. In Indonesia, the Ketapang district government in Gunung Tarak, together with CSOs and local communities has developed Actions Plan to collaboratively protect and restore a wildlife corridor and started to implement forest patrols and fire preven­tion measures in the area. At regional level, the Governments of the Congo Basin countries, multilateral institutions and donor countries, organized within the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP), agreed to have the issue of forest conversion for agro-commodities as a priority topic of their actions in the coming years, which is a major step in building consensus between the governments on halting deforestation in the Congo basin. This was the results of a diverse network of civil society making this a priority in their advocacy. The GLA partner contributed by preparing and presenting a working paper and organizing a preparatory meeting for the CSOs lobbying the CBFF 2019 also saw the European Commission improving the delegated act on biofuels. In 2018 the GLA celebrated a policy change for which the GLA had advocated for years in close cooperation with European civil society: feed stocks with a very high climate impact (like palm oil and soy) could no longer be counted to fulfil renewable energy objectives in the transport sector as biofuel, in the Recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED2). The European Commission was to draw up a dele­gated act that should specify which feed stocks would cause high indirect land use change – and hence were to be banned. There was a risk that the European commission would postpone and weaken the delegated act. Therefore, an international lobby effort of an European NGO coalition including the GLA launched a campaign, which resulted in more than 68,000 people participating in the consultation by the EC. March 13, the European Commission changed and improved the delegated act on biofuels without any delay, in March 13, 2019. Civil actors also agreed on actions or adopted plans that contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested land-scape govern­ance in 33 cases. The GLA successfully facilitated an Indonesian community to define their production forest as village forest. Through joint peat-swamp forest mapping, followed by village participatory mapping and awareness creation on the need to protect the remaining peatlands as fire belt, the community agreed to allocate 7,000 ha (out of 14,000 ha) as village forest. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry decree is expected to be issued in Febru-ary 2020. In Bolivia, the Indigenous Forestry Association of Urubichá adopted more equitable and just internal rules and procedures that will increase women’s participation in decision-making, forest management activities and benefit- sharing. This is as a result of a series of GLA workshops and technical meetings on forest governance and gender with the board members of the association. In Indonesia, a group of Environmental Lawyers established a coalition of lawyers under the name of the Farmers Advocacy Team for the Sovereignty of Land Rights. They initiated this network in Central Sulawesi to provide assistance for cases of environmental crime by large-scale oil palm companies and to defend local com-munity members criminalized by those com­panies, after several of them were involved with cases to defend local farmers in need, supported by the GLA.

In 2020, the GLA has harvested a total of 66 outcomes that demonstrate that public, private and civil actors changed laws, policies and norms/attitudes towards more inclusive and sustainable forested landscapes. (Local, national and international) Governments changing policies and attitudes The outcomes on governments adopting policies range from the local to the international level. At the local level, outcomes include local authorities actively supporting sustainable initiatives or supporting monitoring activities, such as in Indonesia: ● The Head of the Sijunjung District Youth and Sports Service (Dispora) provided financial support for ecotourism activities of Nagari Batu Manjulur which was initiated by the Nagari Batu Manjulur Tourism Awareness Group. ● The village governments of Sungai Pelang and Sungai Besar allocated village funds from the village budget 2020 for village forest monitoring activities. As most parts of the villages of Sungai Pelang and Sungai Besar are in peatland area, the village forest is susceptible to fires especially during the long dry season. Intensive monitoring over the forest is then very important. ● The district government of forested areas Sigi and Poso District in Central Sulawesi facilitated village spatial planning as a part of district spatial planning, through regional planning agencies (BAPPEDA). The village spatial planning, which includes social and cultural aspects, can help the district government with improved district planning, based on local realities and on a participatory mapping process. At the national level, in the Philippines, Member of Parliament IP representative Romeo Saliga drafted and passed a resolution urging the Ministry on Environment, Natural Resources and Energy (MENRE) to deputize Non-Moro Indigenous Peoples (NMIP) as forest guards within their ancestral lands. This is a significant outcome as there have been moves from the MENRE to create forest rangers from Moro community, who are outsiders in these forested areas, raising tensions with the local community. In Paraguay, the Chamber of Deputies and then the Senate, approved the law transferring occupied property to the peasant community of Marina Kue. At the international level, several outcomes indicated a willingness to draft legislation to halt deforestation on the international political level. The European Parliament adopted a proposal for legislation that supports binding legislation against trade related deforestation. Also, Austria, France, the European Parliament and parliaments in Netherlands, Austria and Belgium all voiced strong concerns with the EU Mercosur trade agreement and the Commission has publicly announced that the deal in its current form cannot go through. Private actors pressured to adopt, create or change policies Private actors are increasingly under pressure to take action to drafting policies or MoUs towards more inclusive and sustainable forested landscapes. In Uganda, the company BIDCO was put under pressure to change their bad practices and to revert their illegalities and abides to all environment safeguards. BIDCO is working with district natural resources department to monitor buffers. Evidence based research exposed the encroachment in buffer zones. Combined with pressure from exchange visits this led to the desired change. Civil actors joining forces and drafting combined plans Civil actors also agreed on actions or adopted plans that contribute to inclusive and sustainable forested land-scape governance. Many outcomes in 2020 under this indicator describe CSOs/NGOs joining forces to work together in their fight against deforestation, both in the national and international context. In Indonesia, 34 farmers in Nagari Padang Gantiang, Sangir Jujuan Subdistrict, South Solok District agreed to form an Agroforestry Group with the name Tuah Sakato Farmer Group. With the Agroforestry Group existence, they can manage their rubber production to become a pilot agroforestry project in South Solok District and improve the livelihoods of group members and the surrounding community. In Nigeria, a women’s movement promoting a just energy transition has begun with strengthening the capacity of women’s rights organisations to understand and advocate for a just energy transition, following a training organised by ERA/FoEN. Internationally, more than 20 Brussels based NGOs undertook coordinated actions towards the EU commission’s From Farm to Fork strategy on the need to reduce deforestation and stop climate change caused by intensive livestock production and consumption, as well as support agroecological alternatives.

In 2018, GLA partners contributed to 111 outcomes that demonstrate CSO positions are included in the debate. Public and private actors, included CSOs’ or target groups’ demands on the political, corporate or media agenda 78 times (of the total of 111 outcomes). For instance, the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria openly acknowledged the gains of renewable energy and pledged to promote it, as a result of a high-level conference on Just Energy Transition by GLA partners. This outcome represents a break with the past, because the Nigerian government used to focus solely on fossil fuel. In Ghana, the GLA showcased evidence of illegal logging and violations of communities rights to the management of a logging company. As a result, the company contacted the organization and requested to meet them and the Forest Services Division to discuss the communities’ concerns in more depth. More GLA partners successfully used this approach to get support for their demands; presenting evidence and participating in dialogue and consultations. Reaching the general public is also an important step in getting an issue on the agenda. GLA partners have been able to influence the public debate through the media (12 outcomes). Particularly in Bolivia, partners frequently succeeded in reaching the media. For instance when 3 national newspapers gave wide coverage to the problem of alluvial gold mining and its impacts on the environment and public health in Chiquitania, as well as exposing structural problems such as inaction of governmental environmental institutions and the judicial system. In Ghana, the media intensified exposure of illegal and unsustainable environmental practices in the past year. As well as influencing the public debate, the GLA brings local struggles and voices to the international level to ensure demands from the global South reach decision-makers in the Netherlands, the EU and the UN. In 2018, 9 outcomes show the inclusion of demands from Southern civil society on the international agenda. In addition to public actors including our demands, civil actors succeeded 33 times (out of the 111 outcomes) in participating in decision making concerning inclusive and sustainable forested landscape governance. Most notably in Vietnam, a number of results show a bigger role for CSOs and forest-dependent communities. For example, local government authorities in the Central Highlands and Krong Bong District organised inclusive participatory processes that involved CSOs and local communities in land planning and policy development. This is significant, given the history, political system and role of civil society in Viet Nam. GLA partners mainly employ approaches such as evidence collection and dialogue, given the constrained space for activist approaches in Vietnam. In Ghana, state and private actors spearheading the implementation of Ghana’s Cocoa Forest Initiative (CFI), accepted CSO representation on the CFI steering committee. CFI is a leading initiative, tackling deforestation and social and economic issues for cocoa smallholders. The outcome ensures CSOs and their constituent farmers have a say on key sector issues of interest and serves as a starting point for ensuring inclusiveness and transparency in cocoa governance in Ghana. In the Philippines and Indonesia, we also see examples of increased representation of indigenous people and their knowledge in local governance structures, including women: in the Sierra Madre in the Philippines, indigenous representatives are now part of a local protected areas management board. In Cagayan de Oro, indigenous groups have been empowered to actively participate as key stakeholders in the CDO river basin management council.

In 2019, GLA partners contributed to 106 outcomes that demonstrate CSO demands and positions are included in the debate. Of these 106 outcomes, public and private actors, included CSOs’ or target groups’ demands on the political, corporate or media agenda 55 times. In the Philippines, the Commission on Human Rights demanded transparency from the government to lay out its proposed rehabilitation and social protection plans for affected communities by the Kaliwa Dam project. They also promised to conduct field-based investigation on the matter. This issue reached their agenda after a dialogue session between the Stop! Kaliwa Dam Network – including GLA partners - and the Commission, in which indigenous people expressed their grievances and shared prove that government authorities had already violated some of their rights. Similar recognition was achieved by the Bolivian partners in the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). As a result of an intensive campaign by all Bolivian GLA partners under the Alliance for Human Rights and the Environment (ADHMA), 32 countries raised recommendations in the 2019 Universal Periodic Review of Bolivia in line with the topics prioritized by ADHMA. The GLA partners collaborated in this long-term process through training on the international human rights system, collection of information on human rights violations in relation to extractives and by flagging these in advocacy campaigns towards the UPR, in Bolivia and Europe. In 2018, a successful strategy was to incorporate local views in international campaigns to ensure demands from the global South reach decision-makers in the Netherlands, the EU and the UN. The GLA upscaled this work in 2019, resulting in 11 outcomes being achieved by bringing southern voices to the international level. For instance when 3 activists from Liberia and Indonesia expressed their grievances on rights violations by palm oil companies directly to various senior-level representatives of Dutch financial institutions that are financially supporting the companies that are linked to these violations, as well as Dutch government officials. After speaking to the activists, a representative of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs committed to analyse whether financing industrial agro-commodities should be maintained or new strategies promoted. The other way around, Norwegian, Netherlands and Australian Ambassadors were invited for a field visit to the Atewa forest reserve in Ghana by the GLA partners. This has put the threat of bauxite mining to the forest high on their agenda. It resulted in a joint pledge by the ambassadors to use their influence to safeguard Atewa forest reserve from bauxite mining. In addition to public actors including our views on the agenda, communities and civil society organisations succeeded 51 times in creating space for their demands for inclusive and sustainable forest governance. Early 2019 , 2 communities in Liberia staged a protest for the first time ever, demanding a palm oil company to comply with their Memorandum Of Understanding for better working conditions. Staging a protest is not a given in Liberia, where those protests are sometimes met with violence. However, the communities were desperate to improve their lives and working conditions and therefore challenged GVL to comply with their social commitments. The protest by the community shows their increased understanding of their rights as well as empowerment to demand justice, through ongoing support by the GLA. A powerful tool to get issues on the agenda in Liberia is by producing radio programmes (Forest Hour Series) on forests. GLA partner VOSIEDA supported the programme, which became a source of information for the Forest Development Authority (FDA) of Liberia. As a result of the programmes, the FDA placed a stop order on a logging company to commercially manage a Community Forest, and a network of journalist set up Liberia Forest Media Watch. After Forest Hour raised awareness on mismanagement and misrepresentation in a Community Forest management Body, the community demanded removal of the leadership and the Forest authorities supported a re-election. The GLA also influenced the debate on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). GLA partners FoEI and ERA from Nigeria lobbied intensively to have agroecology recognized by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in different working groups like the International Planning Committee (IPC) on agroecology. ERA’s representative was actively involved in this lobby, which led to an invitation to an IPC meeting in preparation of the Global Biodiversity Framework. As a result, the IPC included agroecology in their recommendations, including its importance as transformative system for biodiversity and with a key role for small scale farmers. In December 2019, the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) adopted Ten Principles of Agroecology (CA 7173) and included agroecology in its submission to the CBD (CA 7175) on mainstreaming Biodiversity across agricultural sectors.

In 2020, GLA partners contributed to 99 outcomes that demonstrate CSO demands and positions are included in the debate. GLA partners are being heard in the local, national and international political debate. This also happens cross continental: Two Southern FOE groups -FOE Mozambique and FOE Honduras gained access to European policy makers and/or relevant European players to advocate against HR violations committed by European corporations or financed by European money. This will lead to increased awareness among EU players on HR violations outside the EU. At the national level, the voices of CSO partners and the communities they work with are also being heard. In Liberia, the Synaparcam community collective works to improve the situation of workers at oil palm plantations. For the first time, local buyers from oil palm plantation company Socapalm (Nestlé, Tractafric, Michelin, Azur) were addressed in campaigns by Synaparcam, after which at least two of the buyers contacted Synaparcam on the concerns raised by Synaparcam. In the Philippines, partners and two local civil society networks were able to mobilize local politicians and community members to speak out against the Kaliwa dam. A congressman announced his willingness to support a Congressional Inquiry on the case and also the provincial board of Quezon passed a resolution giving power to the Governor to act against Kaliwa Dam Project. Also the highest political body of the local Dumagat-Remontado tribe reaffirmed its position against the dam. Some of the DD3 outcomes describe the voice of women being lifted by the programme: In Indonesia, the new appointed management board of Village Forest Management Group (LPHD) Sungai Pelang for the tenure of 2020 – 2025, included a woman representative among its 8 new board members for the first time.

In 2018, 61 Civil Society Organisations in the GLA strengthened their capacity for effective lobby and advocacy. This number includes some of the first and second tier partners (DD6) but only those who have increased their capacity on at least 1 of the 5 Capacities for Lobby & Advocacy in the GLA capacity analysis tool. It also includes third tier partners (CSOs from LLMIC countries directly capacitated in the GLA programme, but without a direct contractual relation). The GLA also contributed to capacity strengthening of other CSOs, CBOs and citizens, which is not included in this figure. When other actors than our CSO partners change their behavior as a result of our interventions, these are harvested as outcomes. When relevant, they are included in DD1, DD2 or DD3. Capacity building in 2018 ranged from trainings, workshops and guidance, to exchange visits. The GLA also conducted its mid-term review in July 2018 to stimulate exchange, learning and (re)strategizing. The GLA has focused particularly on capacity strengthening in the use of evidence to underpin dialogue and actions. In 2018, an increasing number of people were trained in local monitoring tools, such as the mobile app TIMBY (‘This Is My Backyard’) and GIS mapping. In a number of countries, local communities and CSOs collected information or conducted research in the field to improve land use planning or decision-making by governments. Partners also strengthened their capacities in communication. Mobilizing the media and journalists proved to be an important strategy to mobilize a critical mass and communicate messages among a large public Collaboration and exchange between the Northern alliance members and Southern CSOs was a fruitful approach to strengthen GLA partners’ capacity for effective lobby and advocacy. Also at country level, the GLA strengthened capacities for lobby and advocacy most effectively through learning by doing, for instance by participating in campaigning and joining exchange visits. To ensure relevance, the GLA has also linked capacity strengthening to themes that affect community forest management. The GLA continued with the development and sharing of tools and toolkits, such as the Landscape Investment and Finance Tool, a financial flow analysis module, the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM), the Landscape Governance Assessments, the Anti-Corruption Toolkit and role-playing games. Several GLA partners participated in trainings on using these tools and are currently applying what they learned.

In 2019, 61 Civil Society Organisations in the GLA strengthened their capacity for effective lobby and advocacy. This number includes some of the first and second tier partners (DD6) but only those who have increased their capacity on at least 1 of the 5 Capacities for Lobby & Advocacy in the GLA capacity analysis tool. It also includes third tier partners (CSOs from LLMIC countries directly capacitated in the GLA programme, but without a direct contractual relation). The GLA also contributed to capacity strengthening of other CSOs, CBOs and citizens, which is not included in this figure. When other actors than our CSO partners change their behavior as a result of our interventions, these are harvested as outcomes. When relevant, they are included in DD1, DD2 or DD3. Capacity building in 2019 ranged from trainings, workshops and guidance, to exchange visits. In 2019, based on the recommendations from the mid-term review in 2018 and on a clear demand, GLA partners and alliance members increased their efforts on gender, the generation and use of evidence, civic space and collaboration. Interestingly, efforts on these topics also mutually reinforce them; both working in coalitions and using verified evidence are strategies that partners use to deal with shrinking civic space. Collaboration increased at the local level and at the programme level. Milieudefensie, IUCN NL and TBI collaborated on integrating gender more systematically into the GLA programme and their own organizations. Milieudefensie and IUCN NL also worked together closely in the lobby for the UN Binding Treaty , including active participation of Southern CSOs, which contributed to their capacity for effective lobby and advocacy at the international level. The community rights reviews conducted by TBI (see 2.4) are expected to yield useful lessons for the entire GLA programme; they have already increased insights and dialogue at the local level. A synthesis of results is expected in June 2020. The main results and lessons for each topic are highlighted in this chapter. A core assumption of the GLA ToC found to hold true through the years, is that CSOs are more effective if they use reliable and verified knowledge and evidence to underpin their dialogue and actions. The GLA therefore intensified its efforts in 2019 to generate evidence through community-based monitoring and citizen sci­ence initiatives, and to train local monitors and provide them with tools. Tools include drones, acoustic monitoring and This Is My Backyard (TIMBY), a mobile phone app to collect, monitor and share data. Data are passed on to a central platform that is accessible to the forest police, among others.